Apartheid in South Africa

By: Amanda

            Apartheid in South Africa was a terrible time for blacks because they had all their rights taken away from them.

"Apartheid is the government-run system of rigid racial segregation that was in place for much of the 20th century: In a nation that was then 70 percent black, a white minority ruled, denying blacks basic rights and essentially treating them as aliens in their own land." (Dugger, Celia W.)

 Blacks could not vote and had no rights. It took a long time for apartheid to end because the government would not give in to protests and kept making more laws against blacks so that they had no legal right to fight with the government, and if they did, they were arrested.

 Apartheid officially started in 1949, but there were segregation laws many years before then.  In 1949, South Africa got a new government, and a law was passed in South Africa that marriage between whites and nonwhites was no longer allowed (“Apartheid”).  Further laws were added, such as the Population Registration Act, which classified South Africans into three categories.  These groups were the Bantu or black- Africans, the colored or mixed race, and white (“Apartheid”).  In 1950, a Group Areas Act was established.  The act created separate towns for the different races. Blacks were also limited in job choices, and were no longer allowed to work in the government.  This act also no longer allowed nonwhites to operate businesses.  Nonwhites were forced to carry around papers stating their race and their authorization to be in the area.  Apartheid obviously benefitted the white Africans and the black Africans suffered greatly.

Many protest groups were formed, and blacks refused to have their rights taken away from them.  The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 to help try to stop racism (Benson, Mary).  Their goal was to unify all of South Africa regardless of race (“Apartheid”).  Nelson Mandela became one of their leaders in 1944.  He worked to free South Africa from this time of apartheid.  Labor strikes and many campaigns were put together by Mandela.  He was arrested countless times, and spent twenty seven-years in jail.  In 1944, he also helped fund the Congress Youth League.  The group held many "Stay at Home" protests where they did not go to work (“Nelson Mandela”).  By 1945, there were over six hundred laws for apartheid.  Around 1961, Mandela formed yet another group called the Umkonto we Sizwe, Spear the Nation, that directed sabotage against the government (“Nelson Mandela”).  The Umkonto we Sizwe admitted to committing over seventy sabotage acts.  Although jailed, Mandela was still a symbol for the cause.

“He was given many peace awards including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, The Human Rights Prize in 1988, the Anne Frank Medal for Human Rights and Tolerance in 1994, the International Gandhi Peace Prize in 2001, and many more.” (“Nelson Mandela”)

He is an inspiration to all to fight for what is right.  Without him and the countless other protest group leaders, South Africa would still be in the horrible state it was in.

Protests occurred often during apartheid.  Workers went on strike, students were boycotting, and even religious groups organized protests against apartheid.  The Sun City Boycott is one important boycott.  It occurred in 1985 when a city was built over a black village.  To protest, singers from around the world tried to let people know about how big of an issue apartheid was.  Famous singers all over the world recorded an album.    The album was created to help raise awareness of apartheid in South Africa.  They called themselves ‘Artists United Against Apartheid’.  Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen were two of the artists from the United States who participated (Drewett, Michael).  They called the album 'Sun City', and all the songs were about stopping apartheid.  Their songs were an inspiration to people worldwide.

Other countries all over the world helped.  In 1960, students in the United States and other parts of the world began to protest apartheid and tried to convince the government to stop its dealings with South Africa.  Many universities began to take away their stocks which lowered business in South Africa (“Apartheid”).  The United States Congress passed a law that no longer allowed US companies to have any business in South Africa.  This law greatly decreased the amount of computers, steel, and petroleum available in South Africa.  Private companies also said they would stop their business in South Africa.  South Africa became even more separated from the rest of the world during the 1970s and the 1980s.  South African sports teams were no longer allowed to participate in the Olympics (Dugger, Celia W).  In 1990, the anti- apartheid groups were legalized.  These were the steps that began the end of the apartheid.

Apartheid officially ended in 1991 after forty-two long years.  Three years later, black Africans were able to vote for the first time, and South Africa got a new government.  Nelson Mandela was voted President.  Apartheid was a terrible time for blacks in South Africa.  Thanks to the countless protest leaders and outside help from around the world, this horrific time has ended and South Africa is healing its wounds.

Works Cited

"Apartheid." Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Gale Student Resources

In Context. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.

Benson, Mary, and Karen Heywood. Nelson Mandela. London: H. Hamilton, 1986. Print.

Drewett, Michael, and Martin Cloonan. Popular Music Censorship in Africa.

Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.

Dugger, Celia W. "Apartheid's Long Shadow." New York Times Upfront (Vol. 142, No. 10).

01 Mar 2010: 10-13. SIRS Researcher. Web. 16 Nov 2010.

"Nelson Mandela." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 77. Detroit: Gale, 2010.

Gale Biography In Context. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.

My prezi on India

http://prezi.com/rfuvl84fxzk9/india-project/

Test Score

44/50

Human Geo Test

Practice test score

80%

Food Journal Reflection

by: Amanda

                I have a lot of mixed feelings about what I learned this past week in class.  I will probably keep the same diet.  The movie did surprise me. I had heard about the way the animals were treated, but to see it was just disturbing.  I think the way these animals were treated was just wrong.  When I saw that movie, it made me change my view of a hamburger or a chicken wrap. 

                I have to say the most upsetting thing about the movie was the cows.  Hearing from the mother who lost her son to E. coli really made me stop and think.  There are not many small cow farms left, and most of the hamburgers are made of thousands of cows, and if you get E. coli you die within days.  The cows are being fed food that they are not supposed to eat.  That’s like us eating dog food.  We can get sick from eating it just like cows can get sick from eating corn.  Corn might be cheaper, but if eating corn can cause people to die, it might be better to buy grass.  We are billions of dollars in debt, yet we are still the richest country in the world.  If we are so rich then why on earth are we using corn and not grass?  People are dying because of E. coli.  Hamburgers are actually killing people.  Another health issue is the fact that the cows are living in their own poop.  The conditions are so terrible that by the time they are sent to the market to be slaughtered for meat, they are up to their chest in poop.  The movie said that there are times when a small amount of that poop can get into the hamburger patty.  The conditions of the cow farms are truly filthy.  Nothing deserves to be treated that way, even if its purpose in life is to become hamburgers.  Because of the corn, the cows become very fat.  Some of them are too fat to even walk on their feet.  Some have to be pushed to the van where they are taken to the meat processing plants because they are too weak to stand and walk.

                The chickens were also disgusting to see.  The fact that they never see the light in their entire lives is just terrible.  The mother hen never gets to see her babies.  The chickens too have the same problem as the cows where they can only walk a few steps before falling to the ground.  To make the chickens so large, a number of hormones and drugs are added to their food.  Thousands of chickens are put together in the dark, and they are picked up in the middle of the night so that they don’t have to see the light.  On the video we saw the woman who had the chicken farm.  Every day, she went through the farm and picked up all the dead chickens and threw them in a pile.  After the men came to pick up the chickens, she went through again and was still picking up the dead chickens.

                I learned a lot about corn production and how corn is in tons of things.  I never knew that corn was in things like soda.  I had heard about the high fructose corn syrup, but I did not know how bad it was for you.  So many experiments have been done on the corn syrup, it has actually become harmful.  My mom makes sure that we don’t buy things with high fructose corn syrup in it.

                I do think that I will get more organic food.  I eat a lot of yogurt, and I think if I eat more organic, I could be slightly healthier.  I think maybe I could also eat less at fast food restaurants.  I was surprised to learn about the things that go into hamburgers and chicken nuggets from McDonald’s.  I think it is really funny how they put everything that goes into their products on their website, but people are still eating the food.  If things like charcoal are in your big mac, you have a bit of a problem.  And the chicken nuggets may contain meat. 

                It is also really interesting how healthy food is more expensive than junk food.  Many people with low paying jobs only have enough money to buy something off the dollar menu at a fast food place rather than buy fruit and vegetables at the grocery store.  I’m lucky to be in a family that can afford fruits and vegetables in our diet, but we eat meat a lot more than we eat fruits and vegetables.  Maybe if I ate more of that food, I would be healthier. 

                I am amazed that people don’t know more about what goes into their food.  Our diet and the things we eat should matter to us.  I never cared to find out about these things, and now I am regretting not looking it up sooner.  I did not realize the effect eating a hamburger could have on us.  Our food system has changed so much over the years, and it is only getting worse.  Energy is wasted shipping food to the grocery stores.  Maryland has tons of farms everywhere, yet we are receiving our meat from places like Kentucky.  It not only wastes gas, but it also adds to the greenhouse gases.  A lot of the fruits have to stay fresh over the course of the trip, so many of them have hormones that help keep them fresh.  We are putting hormones in the fruit when we could just drive down the street and get our fruits fresh off the tree.  The farms have all the food fresh and hormone free.  Many of the hormones actually shrink the apples, so the farm fresh apples are better for you and they are larger.  Many people do not even know how bad the foods are for us, and maybe if they did the United States could be a healthier, greener place to live.

Mileage and Cost of food travel

My food traveled a total of 19,841 miles, and at $2.69 per gallon of diesel fuel, the total cost of all the gas used is $53,372.29.

to see the map i created click on the link below and go to my maps:
My google map

Where did my food come from?

I got all the food I ate from Redner's
my lettuce came from Salinas, CA
my onions came from GA
the carrots I ate came from Bakersfield, CA
the broccoli came from Gonzales, CA
my barbecue sauce came from KS
my potato chips came from PA
my nacho cheese came from San Antonio, TX
my chicken and cheese taquitos came from CA
the brownies I ate came from Collegedale, TN
the pancakes I ate came from Battle Creek, MI
my syrup came from PA
the orange juice I drank came from FL
my chicken nuggets came from AR
my French fries came from PA
the vanilla coke came from Atlanta, GA
the Gatorade came from Chicago, IL
my popcorn came from PA
the Perdue chicken I ate came from Salisbury, MD
my tortillas came from Irving, TX
my oreos came from Northfield, IL
the Deer Park water came from CT
my gummy worms came from Grove City, PA
the Ranch dip came from Columbus, PA
my noodles were made in the USA
the biscuits came Minneapolis, MN
my tomato sauce came from Omaha, NE
the sour cream came from Dallas, TX

food journal

Great value- hickory barbeque sauce

Martins- potato chips

Ricos- nacho cheese

El monterey- chicken and cheese taquitos

Water

Brownie

Chocolate milk

Pancakes

Maple syrup

Juice

Vanilla coke

French fries with salt

John Carroll chicken sandwich

Ore-Ida french fries

Tyson chicken nuggets

Water

Gatorade

Brownie

Chocolate milk

Pancakes

Syrup

Orange juice

Popcorn

Perdue chicken and lettuce wrap with ranch dressing

Oreos

deer park water

French fries

Water

Chicken  broccoli cheese

Gummy worms

Carrots

Ranch dip

Plain cheesecake

Chocolate milk

Pancakes

Orange juice

Perdue chicken wrap

Barbeque sauce

Deer park water

Popcorn

oreos

Great value noodles

Market day beef tips

Water

Pillsbury biscuits

Hunts tomato sauce

Daisy sour cream

onion

Map

Vocabulary

Globalization: to extend to other or all parts of the globe; make worldwide.       “Globalization, as defined by rich people like us, is a very nice thing... you are talking about the Internet, you are talking about cell phones, you are talking about computers. This doesn't affect two-thirds of the people of the world.” Jimmy Carter

Humanity: all human beings collectively; the human race; humankind. “My message is the practice of compassion, love and kindness. Compassion can be put into practice if one recognizes the fact that every human being is a member of humanity and the human family regardless of differences in religion, culture, color and” Dalai Lama

Culture: the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. “The people here are so friendly, and it's been fun year after year. It's something that everyone from every culture can enjoy, not just the Irish and the Scottish.” John Bruce

Civilization:  an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. “Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill. They are engines of change, windows on the world, lighthouses erected in the sea of time.” Barbara W. Tuchman

History: the branch of knowledge dealing with past events.  “It covers American history from an entirely different perspective. You're learning about things that have only been uncovered in the past decade, about what really went on, and you're learning about a different side of the history which you know so well and a side that you also never even heard.”  Allison Murphy

(all quotes were found on http://thinkexist.com/ and all definitions were found on http://dictionary.reference.com/.

A Persian insult, an Inuit dialect, and Urdu directions summary

BY PATRICK COX ⋅ AUGUST 20, 2010

            The first section of the dialogue was about Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.  He spoke at an event and used crude words to describe a group of people coming from America.  He said “the bogeyman snatched the boob” which shocked the public of Iran and the world.  Many people were upset by the fact that their president was saying that in public.  Later after this mistake, the Iran president said he was “trying to be a man of the people”.

            The second section was about a small Inuit group of people in Greenland.  They live by the large piece of the glacier that just broke off.  This small community lives the furthest north than any other tribe around the world today.  They had one illegal threat against the United States when the U.S decided to build an air base where they were living, so Inuit’s had to move elsewhere. 

            Steven Lenord is going to live with this tribe for a year and is going to record his discoveries on them.  He said that not a lot of information is recorded about these people.  They have a very different dialect, and there is not much information recorded on their language.  These people hunt in kayaks, hunt with harpoons, and travel by dog-sled.  They hunt for sea mammals.  They are very old fashioned.  Only about 1,000 people live there, and it is one of the few hunter-gatherer communities left in Greenland.  Lenord said he is going to publish his discoveries for the people of the community, so they can see what their lifestyle is like in the view of an outsider.  The life of these people might be gone within the next 10-15 years because they might have to move further south.

            The final section was on foreign language films in the United States.  Foreign language films are not in stores as much as they used to be in the U.S.  The box offices in the U.S are selling fewer copies of these films because the public has a low demand for the movies.  Some people believe this is because fewer people are focused on foreign languages anymore.  Critics are very important to these foreign films because if the film gets good ratings, more theatres will want to have it showing at their theater, and more people will want to see it.  These foreign films have to be good, or else they won’t sell to the American public.

Effect 9-11 Had on Air Travel Internationally

By: Emily Patrick, Amanda Reid, and Quinn Collins

September 11, 2001 caused many tragedies for families all over the country.  Why was this brutal attack planed?  Sources show that some of the motives were the presence of the U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia and the sanctions against Iraq.  This was stated by Al- Qaeda before the attack.  It seems that the longer the troops took presence in Iraq, the angrier the Al- Qaeda became.  Now people wonder many things, could 9/11 have been avoided?  Is our current presence in Iraq putting us in danger of another attack?

Nine- eleven caused many Americans to find other means of travel in and out of the United States.  Many people no longer preferred air travel in the U.S.  It wasn’t just Americans who were affected by this, many countries worldwide experienced decrease in demands for air travel.  Certain people were no longer allowed into the country because of lack of visas. Travelers with a visa only had to go through one screening process to get onto the planes.  Travelers without visas had to go through double screening.  Many people without visas were still allowed, and there were still a considerable number of people with and without visas allowed onto the planes. 

Many trade countries had trouble trading with the United States.  The economies of many countries, especially Canada, Mexico, and Japan, were affected negatively because their trade with the United States decreased. 

Airline companies were already in financial trouble because of the recession.  9/11 made the financial trouble increase by a shocking amount.  The federal government actually had to give the airline companies in the United States 15 billion dollars as an aid package so the companies could stay in business. 

            In November 2001, President Bush signed an Aviation and Transportation Security Act into law.  The law required security people to be federal employees.  It also strengthened the air marshal program.  The Bush Administration requested 4.8 billion dollars to put this law into effect.

            According to data released by the U.S Department of Commerce, the United States let 25.3 million visitors from overseas over in 2008.  This may seem like a lot, but it is 633,000 less than in 2000.  Even all these years after, we still have not made it back to the numbers of airline entrances to the United States from overseas that came in 2000. “Our nation is locked in an economic crisis to which overseas visitors hold a key.  It is time for Congress to take immediate action as today's global economic crisis and America's strengthening currency will further weaken America's standing as a premier travel destination,” said Roger Dow, President and CEO of the U.S. Travel Association.  He is right. 

Even today many Americans are afraid to travel to the United States using airplanes because of what happened on 9/11.  It not only changed our economy, but the economies of our big trade partners all over the globe.  The security measures are still increasing, and any suspicious items someone may have could put them on the terrorist watch list.  America is being very cautious and looking at every little detail to ensure the lives of people everywhere are protected from an incident like this.

            September 11 caused many effects on air travel.  There is a big difference between the use of air travel before and after 9/11.  Air travel is now the second most used form of transportation. Each day, over 57, 000 planes take off.  Every year, it costs the U.S. economy more than 26 million dollars.

Before nine eleven, there were over six million oversea arrivals. After, oversea arrivals dropped to less than 4 million. This shows that nine eleven massively affected the air travel in other countries. How was air travel affected in the U.S.? Sources show that nine eleven drastically affected the air travel in the U.S.A.

After 9/11 occurred, the most visible security changes have been on planes themselves.  Measures were taken to equip airports with the best security possible.  However, security changes in the actual airports came about more slowly.  Airports were raising the prices of their trip cost so they could afford top security.  Therefore, people were forced to pay higher prices for the benefit of their safety.  For example, many planes now have bulletproof glass on them. 

The U.S. Senate also passed a bill that provides access to arms for the pilots in the cockpit.  This week, there have been temporary restrictions put on flights within a thirty mile radius of all public events in New York, Washington D.C., and Somerset, PA for 9/11’s anniversary.  Prior to 9/11, the hired security screeners were sometimes unable to detect bombs or other serious weapons.  They also didn’t have the proper technology to detect weapons as well.  How safe was that? 

A little while after the attacks, President Bush provided $20 billion dollars for the upgrading of security and intelligence.  This included tougher background checks and more strict security requirements on baggage checks.  The TSA was created after the attacks to improve airline security.  After the TSA was created, about 65,000 federal personnel were employed.   

Before the terrorist attacks, anyone was allowed at the gate to see their loved ones depart.  Now only passengers are allowed passed the baggage check.  These measures affect airports internationally to make sure that that horrible day is never relived.  Let’s hope this tragic event never happens again.

Works Cited:

2013, By. "Travel Facts and Statistics | U.S. Travel Association." U.S. Travel Association. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.ustravel.org/news/press-kit/travel-facts-and-statistics>.

"Airport Security since 9/11: How Far Have We Come?" Access Control & Security System Solutions | Security News for Security Industry, Access Control, Theft Prevention, Alarm Professionals. Web. 07 Sept. 2010. <http://securitysolutions.com/news/security_airport_security_far/>.

"Air Traffic - NextGen Briefing." FAA: Home. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/briefing/>.

"Air Traffic - NextGen Briefing." FAA: Home. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/briefing/>.

Midday, By. "September 11 Attacks." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks>.

Rep. No. RL31617 (2002). Print.

"The Evolution of Airline Security Since 9/11 - IFPO." International Foundation for Protection Officers. Web. 08 Sept. 2010. <http://www.ifpo.org/articlebank/evolution_of_airline.html>.

               “The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment” Rep. No. RL31617 (2002). Print.